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- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_chart_for_English_dialects
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English
В слове число слогов равно числу гласных звуков:
ba-by, pis-ton
Если на границе слогораздела одна согласная, то она отходит ко второму слогу:
e-ven, o-pen, i-tem
Если на границе слогораздела более одной согласной, то только первая согласная относится к первому слогу:
hus-band, pen-cil, mem-ber, sym-ptom
Слог образуют сочетания согласных с l и r, если за ними следует конечное нечитаемое "e":
ta-ble, a-ble, cy-cle, a-cre
Заканчивается на гласную:
ba-by
Слог, который стоит перед ND / LD, считается открытым:
cold [kɔuld], child [ʧaɪld], old [ɔuld]
Заканчивается на согласную, кроме "r":
sys-tem
Обычно первый слог:
pi-lot [ˈpaɪlot], paper [ˈpeɪpə]
В производных словах смещение ударения как правило не происходит:
nature/natural [ˈneɪʧə/ˈnæʧrəl] mark/remark [mɑːk/rɪˈmɑːk] press/impress [pres/ɪmˈpres]
Буква "e" в конце слова не читается:
life [laɪf], table [teɪbl], dandle [dændl]
"a" в открытом ударном слоге - [eɪ]:
na-me [neɪm], la-ter [ˈlaɪtə] !!! have [hæv], many [ˈmenɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ]
"a" перед "nge" - [eɪ]:
range [reɪndʒ], danger [deɪndʒə]
"ai" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:
main [meɪn], traine [treɪn], raise [reɪz], straight [streɪt] !!! said [sed]
"ay" в ударном положении - [eɪ]:
may [meɪ], lay [leɪ], pay [peɪ], play [pleɪ], stay [steɪ]
"a" в закрытом ударном слоге - [æ]:
cat [cæt], lat-ter [ˈlætə], fan-cy [ˈfænsɪ]
"ar" - [ɑː]:
car [cɑː], arm [ɑːm], park [pɑːk]
"a" в сочетании "ass" - [ɑː]:
glass [ɡlɑːs], pass [pɑːs], class [klɑːs] !!! mass [mæs]
"a" в сочетании "ast" - [ɑː]:
fast [fɑːst], mast [mɑːst], cast [cɑːst], past [pɑːst], last [lɑːst] !!! tasty [ˈteɪstɪ]
"a" в сочетании "ant" - [ɑː]:
grant [ɡrɑːnt], plant [plɑːnt], slant [slɑːnt]
"a" в сочетании "anch" - [ɑː]:
branch [brɑːnʧ]
"a" в сочетании "alf" - [ɑː]:
half [hɑːlf], calf [kɑːlf]
"a" в сочетании "ask" - [ɑː]:
ask [ɑːsk], task [tɑːsk], mask [mɑːsk]
"a" в сочетании "ath" - [ɑː]:
father [ˈfɑːθə], bath [bɑːθ] !!! gather [ˈɡæðə]
"a" в сочетании "ance" - [ɑː]:
chance [ʧɑːns], advance [ədˈvɑːns]
"a" в сочетании "aft" - [ɑː]:
shaft [ʃɑːft], after [ˈɑːftə], craft [krɑːft], draft [drɑːft]
"air" - [ɛə]:
stair [stɛə], hair [hɛə], fair [fɛə], affair [əˈfɛə]
"are" - [ɛə]:
care [kɛə], fare [fɛə], scare [skɛə]
"a" перед "ll" или "l"+согласная - [ɔː]:
all [ɔːl], ball [bɔːl], wall [wɔːl], small [smɔːl], hall [hɔːl] chalk [ʧɔːk], install [ɪnˈstɔːl], almost [ɔːlməust]
"au" - [ɔː]:
launch [lɔːnʧ], autumn [ˈɔːtəm] !!! aunt [ɑːnt]
"aw" - [ɔː]:
saw [sɔː], draw [drɔː]
"aught" - [ɔːt]:
naught [nɔːt]
"auth" - [ɔːθ]:
author [ˈɔːθə]
"ar" после "w" или "qu" - [ɔː]:
war [wɔː], warm [wɔːm], quartz [kwɔːts]
"a" в закрытом слоге после "w" или "wh" - [ɔ]:
want [wɔt], wash [wɔʃ], what [wɔt], watch [wɔʧ]
"a" в неударном положении - [ə]:
data [ˈdeɪtə], agenda [əˈdʒendə]
"ai", "ay" в неударном положении - [ɪ]:
captain [ˈkæptɪn], Monday [ˈmʌndɪ]
"age" в неударном положении - [ɪdʒ]:
marriage [ˈmærɪdʒ], sausage ['sɔsɪdʒ]
"e" в открытом ударном слоге - [iː]:
he [hiː], le-gal [ˈliːɡəl]
"ea" - [iː]:
mean [miːn], seat [siːt], speak [spiːk] !!! great [ɡreɪt], bread [bred], head [hed]
"ee" - [iː]:
keen [kiːn], feel [fiːl], see [siː]
"e" в закрытом ударном слоге - [e]:
bed [bed], letter [ˈletə], nest [nest]
"ea" перед "d", "n", "th", "sure" - [e]:
bread [bred], ready [ˈredɪ], weather [ˈweθə], pleasure [ˈpleʒə], measure [ˈmeʒə], meant [ment]
"er" в ударном слоге - [əː]:
her [həː], term [təːm], serve [səːv], permanent [ˈpəːmənənt]
"ear" + согласная - [əː]:
heard [həːd], learn [ləːn], earth [əːθ]
"ear" - [ɪə]:
ear [ɪə], near [nɪə], fear [fɪə], clear [klɪə]
"eer" - [ɪə]:
cheer [ʧɪə], engineer [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə]
"ere" - [ɪə]:
mere [mɪə], here [hɪə], sphere [sfɪə] !!! there [θɛə], where [wɛə], were [wəː]
"e" в закрытом неударном слоге - [ə]:
sentence - [ˈsentəns]
"er" в неударном положении - [ə]:
member [ˈmembə], answer [ˈɑːnsə], maker [ˈmeɪkə], perhaps [pəˈhæps]
"e" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:
event [ɪˈvent], effect [ɪˈfect], elect [iˈlekt]
"er" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:
regret [rɪˈɡret], repair [rɪˈpɛə], remain [rɪˈmeɪn]
"et" в конце слова - [ɪt]:
market [ˈmɑːkɪt], planet [ˈplænɪt], genet [ˈdʒenɪt], cutlet [ˈcʌltɪd]
"ei" в неударном слоге - [ɪ]:
foreign [ˈfɔrɪn]
"ey" - [ɪ]:
hockey [ˈhɔkɪ], money [ˈmʌnɪ]
"ew" - [juː]:
new [njuː], few [fjuː]
"ew" после звуков [r, l, dʒ] - [uː]:
crew [kruː], grew [gruː]
"eu" - [juː]:
deuce [djuːs]
"ei" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:
vein [veɪn], freight [freɪt], eight [eɪt]
"ey" в ударном слоге - [eɪ]:
they [θeɪ]
"i" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:
fi-ve [faɪv], li-ner [ˈlaɪnə], pi-lot [ˈpaɪlət], time [taɪm] !!! machine [məʃiːn], cinema [ˈsɪnimə], live [lɪv], give [ɡɪv]
"i" перед "nd" - [aɪ]:
kind [kaɪnd], find [faɪnd]. !!! wind [wɪnd]
"i" перед "ld" - [aɪ]:
wild [waɪld], mild [maɪld]
"i" перед "gn" - [aɪ]:
sign [saɪn], design [dɪˈzaɪn]
"i" перед "gh" - [aɪ]:
light [laɪt], sight [saɪt], right [raɪt]
"ie" на конце односложных слов - [aɪ]:
die [daɪ], lie [laɪ]
"i" в закрытом ударном слоге - [i]:
pin [pɪn], din-ner [ˈdɪnə], stick [stɪk], since [sɪns]
"i" в неударном положении - [i]:
immense [ɪˈmens], imagine [ɪˈmædʒɪn]
"ir" в ударном положении - [əː]:
first [fəːst], girl [ɡəːl], third [θəːd]
"ire" - [aɪə]:
fire [faɪə], mire [maɪə], entire [inˈtaɪə]
"ia" - [aɪə]:
diamond [daɪəmənd], dialogue [ˈdaɪəlɔɡ]
"io" - [aɪə]:
prior [praɪə], pioneer [ˌpaɪəˈniə], violate [ˈvaɪəleɪt]
"ie" в середине корневых слов - [iː]:
field [fiːld], brief [briːf], grieve [ɡriːv] !!! friend [frend], piece [pɪːs]
"o" в открытом ударном слоге - [ou]:
no [nou], ro-se [rouz], so-fa [ˈsoufə] !!! do [duː], does [dʌz], shoe [ʃuː], to [tuː]
"old" - [oul]:
old [ɔuld], cold [could], hold [hould]
"ol" - [oul]:
control [kəntroul]
"oll" - [oul]:
roll [roul]
"oa" - [ou]:
road [roud], boat [bout], load [loud], loan [loun], oak [ouk]
"ow" в конце слов - [ou]:
know [nou], show [ʃou], snow [snou], window [ˈwindou], low [lou], bowl [boul] !!! now [nau], how [hau], cow [kau]
"ow" в середине слов - [au]:
brown [braun], down [daun], flower [ˈflauə]
"o" перед "st" - [ou]:
post [poust], most [moust] !!! cost [kɔst], lost [lɔst], frost [frɔst]
"o" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɔ]:
on [ɔn], clock [clɔk], ob-ject [ɔbdʒɪkt], stop [stɔp], not [nɔt], got [ɡɔt] !!! son [sʌn], mother [ˈmʌðə], woman [ˈwumən], colour [ˈkʌlə] !!! brother [ˈbrʌðə]
"ou" в середине слова - [au]:
out [aut], town [taun], brown [braun], found [faund], pound [paud] sound [saund], trousers [ˈtrauzəz] !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], country [ˈkʌntrɪ], trouble [trʌbl], touch [tʌʧ] !!! young [jʌŋ], you [juː]
"or" в ударном положении - [ɔː]:
fork [fɔːk], short [ʃɔːt], sport [spɔːt], port [pɔːt]
"oor" - [ɔː]:
floor [flɔː], door [dɔː] !!! pore [puə]
"ore" - [ɔː]:
more [mɔː], core [cɔː], bore [bɔː], ore [ɔː], before [bɪˈfɔː]
"oar" - [ɔː]:
board [bɔːd]
"our" в середине слова - [ɔː]:
mourn [mɔːn], source [sɔːs] !!! courage [ˈcʌridʒ]
"our" под ударением - [auə]:
our [auə], hour [hauə], sour [sauə]
"or" в неударном положении - [ə]:
visitor [ˈvɪzɪtə], doctor [ˈdɔktə], operator [ˈɔpəreɪtə]
"our" на конце слов - [ə]:
labour [ˈleɪbə], vapour [ˈveɪpə]
"oi" - [ɔɪ]:
voice [vɔɪs], coil [cɔɪl], toil [tɔɪl], oil [ɔɪl], noise [nɔɪz]
"oy" - [ɔɪ]:
alloy [ˈælɔɪ], boy [bɔɪ], toy [tɔɪ]
"oo" - [uː]:
food [fuːd], root [ruːt], noon [nuːn], too [tuː], moon [muːn], pool [puːl], doom [duːm] !!! good [ɡud], wood [wud], foot [fut], blood [blʌd], flood [flʌd]
"oo" перед "k" - [u]:
book [buk], look [luk], took [tuk], hook [huk]
"ous" на конце слов - [əs]:
various [ˈvɛərɪəs], tremendous [trɪˈmendəs]
"oth" под ударением - [ʌθ]:
mother [ˈmʌθə], other [ˈʌθə], brother [ˈbrʌθə], another [əˈnʌθə] !!! both [bouθ]
"on" под ударением - [ʌn]:
month [mʌnθ], son [sʌn], front [frʌnt], London [ˈlʌndən] !!! on [ɔn]
"om" под ударением - [ʌm]:
come [kʌm], some [sʌm]
"ov" под ударением - [ʌv]:
cover [ˈkʌvə], oven [ˈʌvn]
"u" в открытом ударном слоге - [juː]:
pu-pil [pjuːpl], stu-dent [ˈstjuːdənt], use [juːz]
"u" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ʌ]:
num-ber [ˈnʌmbə], un-cle [ʌŋkl], bus [bʌs] !!! put [put], push [puʃ], pull [pul], full [ful], bush [buʃ]
"ue" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:
blue [bluː], true [truː]
"ui" после "l", "r", "j" - [uː]:
cruise [kruːz], juice [dʒuːs], fruit [fruːt] !!! suit [sjuːt]
"u" в неударном положении - [ə]:
upon [əˈpɔn], supply [səpˈlaɪ], suspend [səsˈpend], difficult [ˈdɪfɪcəlt] !!! mercury [ˈməːkjuːrɪ]
"ur" в ударном слоге - [əː]:
curtain [kəːtn], turn [təːn], curve [cəːv], surface [ˈsəːfɪs]
"u" перед "r" + гласная - [juə]:
pure [pjuə], cure [kjuə], curious [ˈkjuərɪəs] !!! sure [ʃuə]
"y" в открытом ударном слоге - [aɪ]:
my [maɪ], try [traɪ], ty-pist [ˈtaɪpɪst], cycle [saɪkl]
"y" в закрытом ударном слоге - [ɪ]:
sym-bol [ˈsɪməl], symptom [ˈsɪmptəm]
"y" в открытом неударном слоге - [ɪ]:
sorry [ˈsɔrɪ], tasty [ˈteɪstɪ], family [ˈfæemɪlɪ], tardy [ˈtɑːdɪ]
"y" в начале слов перед гласными - [j]:
yet [jet], yard [jɑːd], year [jəː]
"yr" + гласная - [aɪə]:
tyre [taɪə], tyrant [taɪərənt], gyroplane [dzaɪrəpleɪn]
"yr" + согласная - [əː]:
myrtle [məːtl]
"alk" - [ɔːk]:
chalk [ʧɔːk], talk [tɔːk], walk [wɔːk]
"aught" - [ɔːt]:
XXX
"bt" - [t]:
debt [det], doubt [daut]
"c" обычно - [k]:
cap [kæp], come [kʌm], cup [kʌp]
"c" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [s]:
cent [sent], face [feɪs], city [ˈsɪtɪ]
"ch" - [ʧ]:
child [ʧaɪld], chalk [ʧɔːk], chain [ʧeɪn], chess [ʧes]
"cial" - [ʃ(ə)l]:
special [ˈspeʃ(ə)l], commercial [kəˈməːʃ(ə)l]
"cient" - [ʃ(ə)nt]:
efficient [ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nt]
"ck" - [k]:
black [blæk], clock [klɔk], thick [θɪk].
"g" обычно - [g]:
game [ɡeɪm], glad [ɡlæd], go [ɡəu]
"g" перед буквами "e", "i", "y" - [dʒ]:
gypsy [ˈdʒɪpsɪ], gem [dʒem]
"gn" - [n]:
sign [saɪn], gnome [nəum]
"gm" - [m]:
paradigm ['pærədaɪm]
"gh" не читается:
though [ðou], through [θruː] !!! enough [ɪˈnʌf], laugh [lɑːf]
"ght" - [t]:
might [maɪt], fight [faɪt]
"igh" - [aɪ]:
high [haɪ], fight [faɪt]
"ild" - [aɪld]:
child [ʧaɪld], wild [waɪld]
"imb" - [aɪm]:
climb - [klaɪm]
"ince" - [aɪns]:
XXX
"ind" - [aɪnd]:
mind [maɪnd], find [faɪnd], kind [kaɪnd]
"ing" - [iŋ]:
signing [ˈsaɪniŋ], running [ˈrʌnɪŋ]
"ink" - [iŋk]:
think [θɪŋk], link [lɪŋk]
"j" - [dʒ]:
jump [dʒʌmp]
"kn" в начале слова - [n]:
know [kəu], knot [nɔt]
"lf" - [f]:
calf [kɑːf], half [hɑːf] !!! gulf [ɡʌlf]
"lm" - [m]:
balm [bɑːm], calm [kɑːm], holm [həum], palm [pɑːm]
"mb" - [m]:
climb [klaɪm], limb [laɪm], comb [koum]
"mn" на конце слова - [m]:
autumn [ˈɔːtəm], damn [dæm], hymn [hɪm]
"ness" в неударном положении - [nɪs]:
emptiness - [ˈemptɪnɪs]
"ng" - [ŋ]:
long [lɔŋ], song [sɔŋ], string [strɪŋ]
"ng" и "g" относится к разным слогам - [ŋɡ]:
angry [ˈæŋɡrɪ], English [ˈɪŋɡliʃ]
"nk" - [ŋk]:
ink [ɪŋk], think [θɪŋk]
"ough" без последующего "t" - [uː]:
XXX
"ought" - [ɔːt]:
brought [brɔːt], thought [θɔːt], fought [fɔːt]
"ould" - [ud]:
could [kud], should [shud], would [wud]
"ph" - [f]:
photo [ˈfoutou], sphere [sfɪə], phrase [freɪz]
"pn" - [n]:
pneumonia [njuːˈmənjə]
"pt" - [t]:
receipt [rɪˈsɪːt]
"qu" - [kw]:
quick [kwɪk], question ['kwesʧ(ə)n]
"ft" - [f]:
often [ɔfn]
"r" в конце слов если следующее слова начинается с гласной - [r]:
our own room [auər oun rum]
"s" в начале слов - [s]:
send [send], spend [spend]
"s" перед и после глухой согласной - [s]:
test [test], cups [kʌps]
"s" после гласных - [z]:
as [az], days [deɪz]
"s" между гласными - [z]:
nose [nouz]
"s" на конце слов после звонких согласных и гласных - [z]:
pens [penz], bells [belz]
"sh" - [ʃ]:
she [ʃiː], should [ʃud], sheep [ʃiːp]
"sion" после гласной - [ʒn]:
incision [ɪnˈsɪʒ(ə)n]
"sion" после согласной - [ʃn]:
pension [penʃn]
"sl" - [l]:
aisle [aɪl], island [ˈaɪlənd]
"ss" - [s]:
chess [ʧes], Bess [bes], dress [dres]
"st" - [s]:
castle [kaːsl], listen [lɪsn], whistle [wɪsl]
"ssion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:
commission [kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], progression [prəuˈɡreʃ(ə)n]
"ssure" - [ʃə]:
XXX
"stion" - [sʧn]:
question [qwesʧn]
"sure" -[ʒə]:
measure [ˈmeʒə], pleasure [ˈplezhə]
"tch" - [ʧ]:
watch [wɔʧ], pitch [pɪʧ]
"tion" - [ʃ(ə)n]:
communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n], station [steɪʃ(ə)n], nation [neɪʃn]
"th" в начале и в конце знаменательных слов - [θ]:
thin [θin], thick [θik], bath [bɑːθ]
"th" в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях - [ð]:
the [ðə], with [wið], though [ðou], then [ðen], this [ðis], that [ðæt]
"th" между двумя гласными - [ð]:
bathe [beið], clothe [klouð]
"ture" - [ʧə]:
picture [ˈpɪkʧə], lecture [ˈlekʧə], culture [ˈcʌlʧə]
"x" - [ks]:
six [sɪks]
"wa" - [wɔ]:
want [wɔnt], wash [wɔʃ]
"wh" перед гласными кроме "o" - [w]:
while [waɪl], whack [wæk]
"wh" перед "o" - [h]:
who [huː], whom [huːm], whose [huːz]
"wha" - [wɔ]:
what [wɔt]
"wor" в ударном положении - [wəː]:
worse [wəːs], world [wəːld], work [wəːk], worm [wəːm] !!! worn [wɔːn]
"wr" - [r]:
write [raɪt], wrong [rɔŋ]
"xh" - [ks]:
exhibition [ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn]