Compiled on 2023-07-22 from rev 78b3be4447cc.
Suffixes -s/-es are used to create:
After -sh, -ch, -ss and -x endings suffix -es is added.
After -o usually suffix -es added:
cargo ⇒ cargoes, echo ⇒ echoes, go ⇒ goes, hero ⇒ heroes, tomato ⇒ tomatoes
but there are few exceptions:
memos, photos, pianos, videos
fe changed to ve and s append:
knife ⇒ knives, life ⇒ lives, wife ⇒ wives
f changed to v and es append:
half ⇒ halves, wolf ⇒ wolves, loaf ⇒ loaves
us changes to i:
cactus ⇒ cacti, nucleus ⇒ nuclei, focus ⇒ foci
is changed to es:
analysis ⇒ analyses, crisis ⇒ crises, thesis ⇒ theses
Words ending in consonant + -y change -y to -i and -es is appended:
apply ⇒ applies, baby ⇒ babies, carry ⇒ carries, marry ⇒ marries
General rule is just append -s suffix:
bring ⇒ brings, buy ⇒ buys, day ⇒ days, smile ⇒ smiles, speak ⇒ speaks
[s] pronunciation is used after voiceless sounds:
[f] beliefs, coughs, laughs, graphs [k] attacks, books, bricks, drinks [p] cups, helps, ships, stops [t] hits, pets, writes [θ] maths, months, moths, myths
[z] pronunciation is used after voiced sounds:
[ɡ] bags, dogs, pigs, rugs [b] crabs, grabs, robs [ð] bathes, breathes, clothes, lathes [d] cards, ends, lids, rides, words [l] calls, falls, fails, hills [m] comes, dreams, plums, trams [n] earns, burns, pens, runs [ŋ] belongs, paintings, kings, sings, songs [r] wears, cures [v] drives, gloves, leaves, loves -y: plays, boys, says
[ɪz] or [əz] pronunciation is used after sibilant sounds:
[dʒ] ages, changes, edges, bridges, images, pages [s] boxes, bosses, buses, fixes, kisses, places, races [∫] crashes, dishes, pushes, teaches, washes, wishes [ʧ] churches, matches, watches [z] chooses, freezes, prizes, rises, sizes, quizzes
Words ending in -e do not require additional e:
agree ⇒ agreed, arrive ⇒ arrived, love ⇒ loved
Words ending in a consonant + -y change the -y to i before -ed:
apply ⇒ applied, cry ⇒ cried, dry ⇒ dried
Word ending in -ic change ending to -ick before ing:
frolic ⇒ frolicked, mimic ⇒ mimicked, panic ⇒ panicked picnic ⇒ picnicked, traffic ⇒ trafficked
The general rule is add -ed to the verb:
clean ⇒ cleaned, seem ⇒ seemed, sail ⇒ sailed
[id] is pronounced after the letters t, d:
[d]: added, ended, handed, faded, folded, needed [t]: hated, retreated, started, wanted, waited
[d] is pronounced after a voiced consonant or after a vowel:
[ɡ]: begged, bugged, flagged, tagged [b]: grabbed, robbed [ð] bathe ⇒ bathed, breathed [d] ended, lidded [dʒ]: changed, judged, raged [l]: called, failed, piled [m]: boomed, drummed, farmed, formed [n]: earned, learned, pinned, rained [ŋ] belonged, pinged, wronged [r]: cured, occurred [v]: craved, loved, saved [z]: amazed, buzzed, seized employed, lied, mowed, played, skied, studied, toed, tried, weighed
[t] is pronounced after a voiceless consonant:
[ʃ]: crashed, flashed, pushed, washed, wished [f]: coughed, laughed, puffed [ʧ]: hatched, matched, watched, wished [k]: baked, looked, lacked, packed [p]: jumped, stopped, trapped [s]: fixed, kissed, passed, placed [θ]: frothed
Suffix -ing are used to create:
Words ending in -ee, -ye, -oe keep the -e:
agree ⇒ agreeing, flee ⇒ fleeing, free ⇒ freeing, see ⇒ seeing
Words ending in -ie change the -i to -y and -e is dropped before -ing:
die ⇒ dying, lie ⇒ lying, tie ⇒ tying
Words ending in -e drop the -e before -ing:
give ⇒ giving, love ⇒ loving, lose ⇒ losing argue ⇒ arguing, issue ⇒ issuing, sue ⇒ suing
Word ending in -ic change ending to -ick before ing:
frolic ⇒ frolicking, mimic ⇒ mimicking, panic ⇒ panicking picnic ⇒ picnicking, traffic ⇒ trafficking
The general rule is just add -ing to the verb:
accept ⇒ accepting, go ⇒ going, hurry ⇒ hurrying, play ⇒ playing
When word ends with one of consonants b, d, g, l, m, n, p, r, t that followed by single vowel this consonant doubled before prefixes -ed, -er, -est, -ing:
hop ⇒ hopped, rub ⇒ rubbed, prefer ⇒ preferred, transmit ⇒ transmitted admit ⇒ admitting, forget ⇒ forgetting, sit ⇒ sitting, slim ⇒ slimming travel ⇒ traveller, wet ⇒ wetter thin ⇒ thinner red ⇒ reddish, occur ⇒ occurrence